Tuesday, August 6, 2019
The Current Status of Women in Middle East Countries Essay Example for Free
The Current Status of Women in Middle East Countries Essay Part I: Reasons why women are reaching a stagnant point in the Arab countries and how this could possibly change:            According to feminists, the current status of women in Middle East countries is strongly attributed to state policies. Scholarly information from studies conducted on the status of Middle East women have indicated that the changes that have taken place in the legal status of women and in their social placement in society have very much been determined by the changes taking place in political constitution of various states and regimes. The status of women and gender relations have also been equally determined by other factors like class structure, economic and demographic characteristic Religion can also not be ruled out as it has tremendous influence on the system of governance in many countries in this region. Revolutionary projects carried out in Iran and Afghanistan but which did not yield good results act as a clear guideline on the status of women in Arab countries.            The societies in the Arab world are predominantly patriarchal. The role of a woman as wife and mother is still held with a lot of esteem in these societies. Women are reproducers, educators of children and socialisers whereby they are responsible for implementing societal and cultural values in the young ones. These societies are also predominantly Islamic, a religion that still holds the family as the most fundamental unit of society and places greet responsibility on women about raising devout Muslims as well as transmitting cultural values. Child bearing is therefore the central labor activity for the females while the men are responsible for the general upkeep of the family. The place of the woman in a Muslim society therefore remains the home and the activities surrounding it. Muslim family law also gives the male members of the society extensive control over key decisions affecting the life of the women under their control for example in issues concerning marriage, education, business and mobility. Women in the Arab countries are still subjected to some form of subordination to the males and restrictive codes of behavior that govern their lives. There is sex segregation towards women and family honor is closely associated with female virtue. As a result any attempts to change family virtues or the family structure has often met with a lot of resistance in the Arab world especially from revolutionary groups that have been operating under the concept of defending Islam such as the Taliban in Afghanistan. Tribal-Islamist opposition groups also play a major role in opposing any attempts to change the status of women in these societies.            In the Arab countries, marriage is still predominantly an agreement between families rather than between two individuals who hold equal rights in society. A husband has absolute rights over his wife’s body and such issues as marital rape are not recognized. Women are therefore still under male control and any attempt to achieve in their social status is viewed as resistance to made dominance. The community has tremendous influence over a woman’s life in Arab countries a factor that can be seen in the societies refusal to do away with the veil even at a time when civilization has advanced in these countries. As a result, the veil has widely been viewed as a civilizational threat to the position of the modern woman in society.            Wars that characterize several Arab nations have also been a threat to the status of women. This is because even after their husbands have been recruited and probably died in war, women especially in the poor backgrounds cannot freely venture out to fed for their families and they still have to rely on male members of the family such as the older sons. This has subjected the women and their children to a lot of unnecessary suffering. There has also been a tendency in these nations to limit the political exposure of women, a factor that has resulted from the concept of male dominance in these societies. In such a way, it has been difficult for women to push for change as society still holds views that their position should be in the house.            A lot can be done to assist the women and improve their status in society. Women for example should be given freedom in education.  This is because modernization demands more labor in high profile jobs. Wars should be a great lesson and women should be given a chance of being economically stable to avoid desperate situations in the event of the death of the family’s breadwinner during war. Education will also give women better chances of employment and produce women who are able to strongly advocate for change in society.            Because family law in Arab nations greatly determines state and legal policies relating to gender and family matters,  perhaps these laws should be reviewed to give the women more influence in the family and society. Various Arab governments should also give attention to demands by women on the improvement of their political, civil and social rights. Part II: Authoritative governments and the rise of fundamental Muslim groups            In the Arab world, the main religion is predominantly Islam, a religion that has played a major role in determining the political, social and civil structures in these nations. Religious and state matters are intertwined in such a way that it becomes difficult to make a clear distinction between the two. Islamic law applies to every aspect of life in the Arab nations ranging from matters related to everyday life, to state matters such as the system of governance and even foreign relations.            With modernization, the Muslim world has come into contact with the Western world, an aspect that has led to mixed reactions in different Arab nations. This is as a result of the major economic, political and social-cultural developments that have resulted from this type of contact. In most of the Muslim countries the political systems are based on Islamic laws derived from the Quran and this has resulted in the concept of Islamic States through which Arab countries want to exert their influence and change the Western culture to conform to Islamic way of life. There has also been widespread resistance to Western influence and these factors have led to the rise of Islamic fundamentalism. A strive has risen among the Arabs between those who feel that Islam should determine the political culture of the Arab nations and those who prefer secular governments that have institutions modeled on Western governments. Islamic fundamentalist feel that Arab governments have established state constitutions that are too compliant with other religions or doctrines. It is therefore the ultimate goal of Islamic political fundamentalists to overthrow these secular states in a bid to achieve national dominance in the political system.            Islamic fundamentalist movements have been modeled upon the Muslim Brotherhood of Egypt began in 1928 that provided such movements with directives on the way forward in achieving political dominance through the implementation of the Sharia law. Even though composed of a minority of Muslims, Islamic fundamentalists have had varied political achievements in various nations. Good examples of such groups are the Wahhabi in Saudi Arabia and the Taliban in Afghanistan where strict Islamic law has been used to eradicate any form of Western influence. In Sudan, the efforts by the Muslim brotherhood to uphold Sharia law since independence in that nation in 1956 has led to a long civil war between the Islamic North and the Christain south.            In Egypt, the Muslim Brotherhood captures 20 percent of the seats in civic elections held in the later part of 2005. Turkey is ruled by an Islamist party that appears to accommodate democratic ideals. But since the September 11 attacks in the United States, growing concern has risen within the international community over the current situation in the Arab countries regarding religious reform and the prospect of Islamist fundamentalists having a share in political power. This is because of extremist groups that have resulted to terrorism as a means of achieving their goals. A good number of the countries in the Middle East are governed by autocratic regimes opposed to these Islamist movements. An attempt by such groups to gain political power has often been suppressed by denying them a popular vote in the governments and by exercising brutality against their leaders and followers. This is because of the tendency by these groups to result to violence as a means of airing their grievances and achieving their goals. Such violence has led to abduction of Western hostages, bomb attacks on the US Embassies in countries like Kenya and Tanzania and the September 11 attack in the US.            Islamic fundamentalists  originally aimed at achieving political goals through peaceful means but the refusal of Islamic governments to recognize their existence and the attempt to suppress these movements is what may have led to the emergence of extremist groups. The Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt has however maintained peaceful means in dealing with the government an aspect that has helped the movement to rise into a political party with a strong following. The future of such groups is however threatened by the fight against terrorism and whether they will achieve in maintaining strict Muslim states is yet to be determined by the course that political events in the Arab world will take and the relations between these Arab nations and the West. Part III The lack of unification between the Arab countries has its benefits in regards to Preservation of culture but it is a hindrance to their potential political force Culture in any community plays a role of utmost importance particularly in preserving the identity of any community. Like everywhere else in the world, the movement of people in and out of the Muslim world has increased cultural integration. Colonial occupation in the Arab countries served to expand these cultural influences bringing in the process of westernization. However the Arab countries have more than any other group of nations succeeded in keeping both external and internal influences at minimal levels. These countries have thus managed to retain their individual cultures to large extent.            From Egypt to Syria, the rise of Arabism was largely as a result of resistance to the colonial occupation mainly the British occupation. This growing force promised to unite Arab nations on the principles of nationalism as well as religion of Islam. This resulted in the expansion of state, missionary and private education (Moaddel, M., 53). However the cultural distance between the components of the Arab world would not allow for significant integration. This has to this day served to retain the cultural composition of the member countries. The lack of unity in the Arab countries has therefore served to preserve culture.            The biggest loss that is as a result of this disunity is however the loss of political forces that would have defined the Arab countries as a force to be reckoned with. The leadership’s radical difference in ideologies has made any meaningful integration difficult. A phenomenon akin to divide and rule has therefore been employed repeatedly by the western powers to further influence the political direction in the Arab World. This has worked against the region since it still remains on the shadows when political force is called for in order to change direction of the world.   Works Cited: Are Knusden. Political Islam in the Middle East R 2003:3 Chr. Michelsen Institute Development Studies and Human Rights Moaddel, Mansoor. Islamic Modernism, Nationalism and Fundamentalism. Chicago. University of Chicago Press.
Monday, August 5, 2019
Role of Magnetic Field in Parkinsons Disease
Role of Magnetic Field in Parkinsons Disease Role of Magnetic Field in Diagnosis and Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease Jehan Zaib Ali Khan, M.Phil. Abstract: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurological disease. It is due to less production of Dopamine in brain. There is no permanent treatment of this disease. But with the passage of time some useful techniques and medicines are developed for diagnosis and treatment, to overcome its signs. MRI and TMS are also included in these techniques. Magnetic Field is basic thing in these techniques. Role of magnetic field is very useful to diagnose and to cure this disease but there is need of further research and work to make these techniques more effective and safe. I have studied and reviewed different researches about these techniques and try to summarize the role of magnetic field in this article. Keywords: magnetic field (MF), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), transcranial magnetic simulation (TMS), parkinson’s disease (PD), deep brain simulation (DBS), repeated transcranial magnetic simulation (rTMS) Introduction: Parkinson’s disease is a neurological disorder. It is very chronic disease. Patients with this disease have great difficulty in movement. They also face non-motor complications like loss of appetite, sleep deprivation and pain. There is no permanent solution of this disorder. But with the passage of time some techniques and medicines are developed for proper diagnosis and treatment to overcome its symptoms. Levodopa is a basic medicine to fulfill the requirement of dopamine because lack of dopamine in brain is the basic cause of this disease. But there are some side effects of Levodopa. Levodopa-induced dyskinesias are a common complication of chronic dopaminergic therapy in patients with Parkinsons disease (PD). The overall prevalence of levodopa-induced dyskinesias ranges from 40%-90% and is related to the underlying disease process, pharmacologic factors, and to the duration of high dose levodopa therapy.[1] In that case another method is necessary to cure PD and overcome d yskinesias. For this purpose artificial week magnetic fields can be used that have dramatic effect.[1] For diagnosis purpose magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is very useful. Another step in this direction is functional MRI which describes the neural mechanism of movement automaticity in PD patient.[2] Magnetic Field and Diagnosis of PD: MRI uses strong magnetic field, radio waves and computers to produce detailed images of interior of body. It gives 3-D image representation of internal parts of body. In this way, it is very useful for diagnosis of PD. MRI scanner contains powerful magnets. A strong magnetic field is created by passing an electric current through the wire loops. During this process, other coils in the magnet send and receive radio waves. This triggers protons in the body to align themselves. Once aligned, radio waves are absorbed by the protons, which stimulate spinning. Energy is released after exciting the molecules, which in turn emits energy signals that are picked up by the coil. This information is then sent to a computer which processes all the signals and generates it into an image.[3] Functional MRI is advance form of MRI. It can be used to investigate the underlying neural mechanisms of movement automaticity in Parkinson’s disease patients.[2] Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has become an efficient instrument in the symptomatic therapy of PD. Functional MRI can be used safely for this purpose. Positron emission tomography (PET) is used quite widely in studies dealing with DBS and with PD. fMRI has never used for this purpose but safety of fMRI during thalamic DBS has been proven by a study with a heterogeneous group of patients suffering from neurological disorders.[4] Single pulse transcranial magnetic simulation (TMS) can be used for investigation and diagnosis.[5] Magnetic Field and Treatment of PD: In 1992, it was reported that reported that extracranial treatment with picotesla range magnetic fields is an effective, safe, and revolutionary modality in the management of Parkinsonism. Also for those patients, whom are facing levodopa-induced motor complications. [6][7] It also produces improvements in non-motor aspects like sleep, appetite, pain, mood and sexual behavior. A comprehensive study on a PD patient shows that magnetic field in the range of picotesla is very useful as antiparkinsonian. In this way it reduces the requirement of antiparkinsonian medicines like levodopa.[7] In 2008, Therapeutic effects of low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) were investigated by Toshiaki FURUKAWA and others in PD with cognitive dysfunction known as impaired set switching. They apply rTMS on six patients and monitor these patients by using different tests. They applied 0.2-Hz rTMS over the frontal region at an intensity of 1.2 x. They concluded that when combined with drug therapy and rehabilitation, rTMS appears to be useful for maintaining and improving function.[8] TMS basis on principle of inductance to get electrical energy across the scalp and skull without the pain of direct percutaneous electrical stimulation. It involves placing a small coil of wire on the scalp and passing a powerful and rapidly changing current through it. This produces a magnetic field that passes unimpeded and relatively painlessly through the tissues of the head. Magnetic field induces week electrical current and to produce enough current to excite neurons in the brain, the current passed through the coil must change within a few hundred microseconds.[5] Transcranial magnetic simulation is very useful for treatment of this neurological disease but it is not permanent solution. A patient suffering from PD needs this therapy on regular basis. Sometimes medicines are also required besides of this therapy. Therefore there is need of further research and investigation to improve that treatment of PD.[8] Although single pulse TMS is very useful for investigation purposes and rTMS is very useful for treatment but rTMS may be harmful for by kindling effects as well as the past history of possible misuse of electroconvulsive therapy. It can produce adverse effects on human body like headache, effects on hearing, kindling and effects on hormones. Metallic hardware near the coil can be moved or heated by TMS, presence of metal may be harmful.[5][9] Therefore it needs to take some safety measures to control harmful effects of magnetic field. There should use simulation parameters in safe range like duration of rTMS, frequencies and intensities.[5] Future of MF in Diagnosis and Treatment of PD: Magnetic field is very useful for treatment of diagnosis and treatment of PD. But there is need of further improvement of techniques based on the use of magnetic field. These techniques can become most suitable for patients of PD reducing harmful effects of MF. In the future, the long-term therapeutic effects of rTMS, particularly with regard to the frequency, stimulation intensity and rTMS coil-type, need to be investigated Further developments related to the application of rTMS in Parkinson’s disease are expected.[8] Conclusion: Parkinson’s disease is chronic disorder. There are different medicines and techniques for its diagnosis and treatment. For this purpose use of magnetic field and its effects are very valuable. By using appropriate amount of MF one can overcome the symptoms of PD. There are some side effects of its use for diagnosis and treatment. But these side effects can be controlled by taking some necessary steps. It will not be wrong, if I say that by further research and investigation MF can become a good replacement of antiparkinson medicines. References: [1]D. K. Sandyk R , Anninos PA, Tsagas N, â€Å"Magnetic fields in the treatment of Parkinson ’ s disease . PubMed Commons,†vol. 63, p. 1342026. [2]T. Wu and M. Hallett, â€Å"A functional MRI study of automatic movements in patients with Parkinson’s disease,†Brain, vol. 128, pp. 2250–2259, 2005. [3]T. M. Deserno, Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering. Springer, 2010. [4]R. Jech, D. Urgosà k, J. Tintera, a Nebuzelskà ½, J. Krà ¡senskà ½, R. Liscà ¡k, J. Roth, and E. RÃ…Â ¯zicka, â€Å"Functional magnetic resonance imaging during deep brain stimulation: a pilot study in four patients with Parkinson’s disease.,†Mov. Disord., vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 1126–32, 2001. [5]E. M. Wassermann and E. M. Wassermann, â€Å"Risk and safety of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation,†Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol., vol. 108, pp. 1–16, 1998. [6]â€Å"Pulsed electromagnetic fields potentiate neurite outgrowth in the dopaminergic MN9D cell line . PubMed Commons,†vol. 92, no. 6, p. 24523147. [7]R. Sandyk, â€Å"Treatment of Parkinson’s disease with magnetic fields reduces the requirement for antiparkinsonian medications.,†Int. J. Neurosci., vol. 74, pp. 191–201. [8]T. Furukawa, S. Izumi, M. Toyokura, and Y. Masakado, â€Å"Effects of Low-frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Parkinson ’ s Disease,†vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 63–71, 2009. [9]P. M. Rossini, P. M. Rossini, S. Rossi, and S. Rossi, â€Å"Transcranial magnetic stimulation: diagnostic, therapeutic, and research potential,†Neurology, vol. 68, p. 484, 2007.
Factors Affecting Hospitality Graduates Career Perception
Factors Affecting Hospitality Graduates Career Perception Abstract The purpose of this research is to investigate the key attributes, which affects the hospitality graduates to take up a career in hospitality industry. The research is mainly focused on the students in university studying hospitality and to conduct this research in more effective manner past research is also been studied for detailed understanding. The methodology used to conduct this research will be quantitative method, asking students on campus to fill out the questionnaire, which will answer questions about factors affecting and their perception about taking up career in hospitality industry. In addition to identifying the key reasons, this research will also address the specific issues related to employment in hospitality industries for instances long working hours, no benefits and poor work life balances. The outcome of this research will be more beneficial for the tutors to understand the importance of providing right exposure to students about hospitality culture. It will als o benefit managers and hospitality recruiters to understand their employees and address the current issues related to job satisfaction. Overall this research will contribute to increase customer satisfaction and assist with one of the major challenge which is high employee turnover rate. Introduction Hospitality is one of the fastest growing and popular industries around the world. Customer service is the backbone of hospitality and to customer satisfaction we need manpower. According to (Noone, Kimes, and Mattila, 2007) customer satisfaction is directly linked to customer retention. Unhappy and dissatisfied guest will never return and hence we may end up loosing the business. However it is important to understand the vital aspect in providing great customer service to the guest is staff. Without great staff it is impossible to run the hospitality industry. It is requires more manpower, compare to any other sectors, as customer service is the vital task and it cannot be replaced by machines, therefore lot of employees are required to run the operation (Hayes and Ninemeier, 2009). With its rapid growth, it is in high demand of skilled manpower and which is why many universities have started offering courses in hospitality and tourism. The positive part is many universities and col leges have different level of courses to support the growing industry, at the same time it is also creating a negative impact on the students who are currently enrolled in the courses. The previous research have founded that students usually do not join the industry after completing their courses (Pavesic and Brymer, 1990). There are many reasons behind lack of commitment from students such as long working hours, low salaries, fewer benefits and poor working atmospheres (Roney and Oztin, 2007). This negative impact further can be seen in the customer service offered at the different hospitality organization, which then leads to employee turnovers. Therefore it is very essential that students should enter the organization in right frame of mind. Students believe to have wrong impressions either from their tutors or sometimes due to their personal experience at work. Eventually they may end up leaving the industry forever and hence it is important for the tutors and also managers to i dentify these issues to avoid problems and future benefits for both employees and employers. Literature Review There were several research carried out in past to determine the student perceptions about taking hospitality as career. To conduct this research previous research on these issues was been reviewed to help understand the issue in better way. Working Atmosphere It has been noticed over the period that hospitality industry is changing generations by generations according to (Gursoy, Maier and Chi, 2008) hospitality industry has always seen a vast difference between previous and current generation. One of the issues with students in taking up career in hospitality is the working atmosphere as they prefer to work in the environment which is more challenging, change and goal driven, they also love to have feedbacks (Chen and Choi, 2008). Previously employees had no connection with their managers directly as managers would dictate the jobs to supervisors and then the same would be conveyed to the employees. This cycle of communication hence lead to lack of interaction with the managers and since the employees were not qualified enough, they would perform the task as taught by their line supervisors, without understanding the importance or putting in some efforts to enhance it with their own creativity. But as the time passed and hospitality indu stry started booming around the globe, it changed the entire concept of customer service skill. Earlier it was just basic accommodation and food service but today it is more about the guest experience, customer service and retaining them. This is when lot of institution came up with hospitality courses to learn the skills and gain knowledge about hospitality. After taking up the education in hospitality students who entered the industry with skills and qualification found problems to work with older generation (Gursoy et al., 2008). Hospitality industry is totally dependent on manpower and therefore it is very important to have positive attitude people, who can motivate others. Staff can only be positive if the working atmosphere is pleasant and healthy and really matters to people when choosing their career paths (Sibson, 2011). Therefore (Gursoy et al. 2008, p. 454) states that The hospitality industry will need to develop new standards of human resource management in order to successfully connect with a multi- generational workforce. It is possible that a top-down and bureaucratic management and leadership style may not be effective with younger generations of employees. Social Status According to many students hospitality industry is glamours industry and their misconception about the same leads them to disappointment. This happens when the reality strikes after completing education and entering into the industry for their first job experience. As per (Bashar et al, 2013) some student also felt that choosing career in the hospitality will have great impact on the social status and will have good job opportunities. However in reality after completing studies, they have to start from the base positions like waiter/waitress or housekeeper. This really disappoints them because according to them they do not need qualification or education of so many years for this kind of jobs (Tan, 2016). Past Experiences As mentioned above it is one of the important aspects for the students to have right mindset when they are entering into actual job. Most often tutor educating students have no physical experience in the industry and fail to provide realities of the industry (Brown, 2015). It has also been noticed in past researches that students who take up studies in hospitality is required to have some work experience in form of on job trainings or internships to experience the industry culture. Also some students during their studies take up part time jobs to gain field experience. However these experiences sometimes do not turn out to be positive due to lack of correct exposure and guidance from right people. This leaves students with a negative impression and makes them to change their perception about career in hospitality (Richardson, 2008). Long Working Hours and Low Wages Hospitality industry is totally dependent on the manpower as it involves customer service as a main task and it cannot be replaced by machines. Since it is labor intensive industry it usually requires working for long hours. This is another attribute which affects the students perception about hospitality as a career. Study which was conducted by (Richardson, 2010) is that students believes that working hours in hospitality industry are always more than 8 hours which affects the work life balance and also there was less scope to develop the career. Low wage is also one of the major issues as per students (Lu and Adler, 2008). As per (Wong and Kos, 2009) factors which can drive students in taking up hospitality as a career are flexi working hours, work life balance, rewards for working extra hours and should have freedom to reduce the working hours as per their convenience. Some studies carried out on students of generation Y by (Choi and Kwon, 2013) prove that students expect their w orkplace to be fun loving and relaxed compare to strict environments. Finally to conclude it seems that above reasons are the main reasons for students changing their mind about career in hospitality. This gap should be addressed by tutors if they make students aware about the reality of the hospitality and give them a clear understanding. Also it is essential that tutors providing education about hospitality must have some industry experience at least, to have a realistic approach during teaching. Other strategy would be inviting guest speakers to colleges for addressing doubts of student on working in hospitality related to long working hours, work life balances and working atmosphere. However this is not the complete solutions to the factors stated above to change the students perception about hospitality as a career. Hence further investigation is required to understand the issue and expert advice on the same will be beneficial. Methodology As the research is focused on students, the ideal location for this research will be college campus. Pilot study will be carried out in order to cut down the cost and time, to derive the outcome from limited participants. Participants for this research will be students mostly undergraduates students who are studying hospitality or post graduate students who have taken hospitality as a specialization. To conduct this research approach of quantitative methodology will be applied for collecting data. A set of questionnaires will be designed keeping in mind the research topic. It will consist questions about their perception about career in hospitality, barriers in hospitality industry which can influence them to leave the industry, what are the positive aspects which can make them stay and necessary improvements which can be implemented to the current job structure. In addition to this questionnaires will also include demographic information of the students, age, sex, and gender. Timeline Schedule Objective Week 1 Conducting research to select topics related to the contemporary issues in hospitality and finalizing the topic. Week 2 Researching on the scholarly journal articles related to the topic for drafting literature review. Week 3 Start writing introduction about the topic and literature review to support the research topic with the help of selected scholarly journal articles. Week 4-5 Developing questions related to research topic and analyzing possible approaches to gain maximum response. Week 6 Connecting with field experts for doubts and questions about the research topic for more knowledge and findings. Week 7 Refining and designing research questions and distributing them to students on campus. Week 8 Analyzing the data collected from questionnaire for results and findings. Week 9-10 Working on data collected to draft report with findings achieved from questionnaire. Week 11-12 Assembling all the data together, formatting and finalizing the report. References Bashar A.A.M., Hamam T.A. (2013). Motivation of students to study tourism hospitality programs. International Journal of Asian social science, 3(7), 1637-1647. Brown, E. A., Thomas, N. J., Bosselman, R. H. (2015). Are they leaving or staying: A qualitative analysis of turnover issues for Generation Y hospitality employees with a hospitality education. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 46, 130-137. Chen, P., Choi, Y. (2008). Generational differences in work values: A study of hospitality management. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 20(6), 595-615. Choi, Y.G., Kwon, J. (2013). Effects of attitudes vs. experience of workplace fun on employee behaviors. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 25, 410-427. Gursoy, D., Maier, T.A., Chi, C.G. (2008). Generational differences: An examination of work values and generational gaps in the hospitality workforce. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 27(3), 448- 458. Hayes, D. K., Ninemeier, J. D. (2009). Human resource management in the hospitality industry. Canada, United States of America: John Wiley Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NewJersey. Lu, T., Adler, H. (2008). Career goals and expectations of hospitality and tourism students in China. Journal of Teaching in Travel Tourism, 9, 63-80. doi: 10.1080/15313220903041972. Noone, B. M., Kimes, S. E., Mattila, A.S. (2007). The effect of meal pace on customer satisfaction. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 48, 231-245. Pavesic, D. V., Brymer, R. A. (1990). Job Satisfaction: Whats Happening to the Young Managers? The Cornell H.R.A. Quarterly, 31(1), 90-96. Richardson, S. (2008). Undergraduate tourism and hospitality students attitudes toward a career in the industry: A preliminary investigation. Journal of Teaching in Travel Tourism, 8(1), 23-46. doi: 10.1080/15313220802410112 Richardson, S. (2010). Tourism and hospitality students perceptions of a career in the industry: A comparison of domestic (Australian) students and international students studying in Australia. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 17(1), 1-11. Roney , S. A., Oztin, P. (2007). Career perceptions of undergraduate tourism students: a case study in Turkey. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport Tourism Education, 6(1), 4-17. Sibson, R. (2011). Career choice perceptions of undergraduate event, sport and recreation management students: An Australian case study. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sports and Tourism Education (Pre-2012), 10(2), 50. Tan, Z. M. A., Baharun, N., Wazir, N. M., Ngelambong, A. A., Ali, N. M., Ghazali, N., Tarmazi, S. A. A. (2016). Graduates Perception on the Factors Affecting Commitment to Pursue Career in the Hospitality Industry. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 224, 416-420. Wong, S. C., Ko, A. (2009). Exploratory study of understanding hotel employees perception on work-life balance issues. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 28, 195- 203. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2008.07.001
Sunday, August 4, 2019
John Donnes The Holy Sonnets Essay -- Donne Holy Sonnets Religion Ess
John Donne's The Holy Sonnets By making many references to the Bible, John Donne's Holy Sonnets reveal his want to be accepted and forgiven by God. A fear of death without God's forgiveness of sins is conveyed in these sonnets. Donne expresses extreme anxiety and fright that Satan has taken over his soul and God won't forgive him for it or his sins. A central theme of healing and forgiveness imply that John Donne, however much he wrote about God and being holy, wasn't such a holy man all of the time and tried to make up for it in his writing. Â Â Â Â Â In sonnet 1, the speaker is talking to God. He tells God that his death is near. He feels that with all of the sins he has committed he is leaning towards hell instead of heaven. Satan has tempted him too much and he doesn't know if he can even go an hour without giving in to Satan's evil ways. The speaker asks God to give him wings so that he may ascend into heaven and prevent Satan from taking him to hell. There is a sense of manipulation in the speaker in the beginning of the sonnet. "Thou hast made me, and shall thy work decay?'; In other words, "You're making your own creation look bad if you don't help me to become holy again.'; This starts out the sonnet with a bitter tone, a favorable way for Donne to begin. But in the end, the speaker is pleading God to give him wings, ending the sonnet with a sense of desperation. The worried tone of the last few lines is a rather common one in the Holy Sonnets. It exhibits the r...
Saturday, August 3, 2019
Resonance :: essays research papers fc
Resonance RESONANCE: " The property whereby any vibratory system responds with maximum amplitude to an applied force having the a frequency equal to its own." In english, this means that any solid object that is struck with a sound wave of equal sound wave vibrations will amplitude the given tone. This would explain the reason why some singers are able to break wine glasses with their voice. The vibrations build up enough to shatter the glass. This is called RESONANCE. Resonance can be observed on a tube with one end open. Musical tones can be produces by vibrating columns of air. When air is blown across the top of the open end of a tube, a wave compression passes along the tube. When it reaches the closed end, it is reflected. The molecules of reflected air meet the molecules of oncoming air forming a node at the closed end. When the air reaches the open end, the reflected compression wave becomes a rarefaction. It bounces back through the tube to the closed end, where it is reflected. the wave has now completed a single cycle. It has passed through the tube four times making the closed tube, one fourth the length of a sound wave. By a continuous sound frequency, standing waves are produced in the tube. This creates a pure tone. We can use this knowledge of one fourth wavelength to create our own demonstration. It does not only have to be done using wind, but can also be demonstrated using tuning forks. If the frequency of the tuning forks is known, then v=f(wavelength) can find you the length of your air column. Using a tuning fork of frequency 512 c/s, and the speed of sound is 332+0.6T m/s, temperature being, 22 degrees, substitute into the formula. Calculate 1/4 wavelength V=f(wavelength) wavelength=V/f =345.2 (m/s) / 512 (c/s) =0.674 m/c 1/4 wave. =0.674 (m/c) / 4 = 0.168 m/c Therefore the pure tone of a tuning fork with frequency 512 c/s in a temperature of 22 degrees would be 16.8 cm. The pure tone is C. If this was done with other tuning forks with frequencies of 480, 426.7, 384, 341.3, 320, 288, and 256 c/s then a scale in the key of C would be produced. There are many applications of this in nature. One example of this would be the human voice. Our vocal chords create sound waves with a given frequency, just like the tuning fork. One of the first applications of the wind instrument was done in ancient Greece where the pipes of pan were created.
Friday, August 2, 2019
The Hunters: Moonsong Chapter Fourteen
Matt hunched his shoulders miserably. He had come to the pledge meeting because he didn't want to stay in his room alone, but now he wished he hadn't. He'd been avoiding Elena, Meredith, and Bonnie – it wasn't their fault, but so much violence had happened around al four of them in the past year, so much death. He'd thought it might be better being around other people, people who hadn't seen how much darkness there was in the world, but it wasn't. He felt almost like he was swathed in bubble wrap, thick and cloudy. As the other pledges moved and talked, he could watch them and hear them, but he felt separated from them; everything seemed muffled and dim. He felt fragile, too, as if removing the protective layer might make him fal apart. As he stood in the crowd of pledges, Chloe came over and stood next to him, touching his arm reassuringly with her smal , strong hand. A gap appeared in the bubble wrap, and he could real y feel her with him. He put his hand over hers and squeezed it grateful y. The pledge meeting was in the wood-paneled underground room where they'd first met. Ethan assured them this was just one of many secret hideouts – the others were only open to ful y initiated members. Matt had discovered by now that even this pledge room had several entrances: one through an old house just outside campus, which must have been the one they brought them through that first time, one through a shed near the playing fields, and one through the basement of the library. The ground beneath the campus must be honeycombed with tunnels for so many entrances to end up in one place, he thought, and he had an unsettling picture of students walking on the sun-warmed grass while, a few inches below, endless dark tunnels opened underneath them. Ethan was talking, and Matt knew that usual y he would have been hanging on his every word. Today, Ethan's voice washed over Matt almost unheard, and Matt let his eyes fol ow the black-clad, masked figures of the Vitale members who paced the room behind Ethan. Dul y, he wondered about them, about how the masks disguised them Wellenough that he was never sure if he recognized any of them around campus. Any of them except Ethan, that is. Matt wondered curiously what made the leader immune to such restrictions. Like the tunnels beneath the campus, the anonymity of the Vitales was slightly unsettling. Eventual y, the meeting ended, and the pledges started to trickle out of the room. A few patted Matt on the back or murmured sympathetic words to him, and he warmed as he realized that they cared, that somehow they'd come to feel like friends through al the sil y pledge bonding activities. â€Å"Hold up a minute, Matt?†Ethan was next to him suddenly. At Ethan's glance, Chloe squeezed Matt's arm again and let go. â€Å"I'l see you later,†she murmured. Matt watched as she crossed the room and went out the door, her hair bouncing against the back of her neck. When he looked back at Ethan, Ethan's head was cocked to one side, his golden-brown eyes considering. â€Å"It's good to see you and Chloe getting so close,†Ethan declared, and Matt shrugged awkwardly. â€Å"Yeah, Well†¦Ã¢â‚¬ he said. â€Å"You'l find that the other Vitales are the ones who can understand you best,†Ethan said. â€Å"They'l be the ones who wil stand by you al through col ege, and for the rest of your life.†He smiled. â€Å"At least, that's what's happened to me. I've been watching you, Matt,†he went on. Matt tensed. Something about Ethan cut through the bubble-wrap feeling, but not in the comforting way Chloe did. Now Matt felt exposed instead of protected. The sharpness of his gaze, maybe, or the way Ethan always seemed to believe so strongly in whatever he was saying. â€Å"Yeah?†Matt said warily. Ethan grinned. â€Å"Don't look so paranoid. It's a good thing. Every Vitale pledge is special, that's why they're chosen, but every year there's one who's even more special, who's a leader among leaders. I can see that, in this group, it's you, Matt.†Matt cleared his throat. â€Å"Real y?†he said, flattered, not knowing quite what to say. No one had ever cal ed him a leader before. â€Å"I've got big plans for the Vitale Society this year,†Ethan said, his eyes shining. â€Å"We're going to go down in history. We're going to be more powerful than we've ever been. Our futures are bright.†Matt gave a half smile and nodded. When Ethan talked, his voice warm and persuasive, those golden eyes steady on Matt's, Matt could see it, too. The Vitales leading not just the campus but, someday, the world. Matt himself would be transformed from the ordinary guy he knew he had always been into someone confident and clear-eyed, a leader among leaders, like Ethan said. He could picture it al . â€Å"I want you to be my right-hand man here, Matt,†Ethan said. â€Å"You can help me lead these pledges into greatness.†Matt nodded again and, Ethan's eyes on his, felt a flush of pride, the first good thing he'd felt since Chris's death. He would lead the Vitales, standing by Ethan's side. Everything would be better. The path was clear ahead. Indeed, Keynes posited that economic activity was determined by aggregate demand. For the fifteenth time in half an hour, Stefan read the sentence without beginning to comprehend it. It al just seemed so pointless. He'd tried to distract himself by investigating the murder on campus, but it had only made him more anxious that he couldn't be by Elena's side, seeing to it himself that she was safe. He closed the book and dropped his head into his hands. Without Elena, what was he doing here? He would have fol owed her anywhere. She was so beautiful it hurt him to look at her sometimes, like it hurt to stare into the sun. She shone like that sun with her golden hair and lapis lazuli eyes, her delicate creamy skin that held just the faintest touch of pink. But there was more to Elena than beauty. Her beauty alone wouldn't have held Stefan's attention for long. In fact, her resemblance to Katherine had nearly driven him away. But under her cool y beautiful exterior was a quicksilver mind that was always working, making plans, and a heart that was fiercely protective of everyone she loved. Stefan had spent centuries searching for something to make him feel alive again, and he'd never felt as certain of anything as he did about Elena. She was it, the only one for him. Why couldn't she be as sure of him? No matter what Elena said about Stefan being the one, the fact remained: the only two girls he'd loved in his long, long life both loved not just Stefan but his brother, too. Stefan closed his eyes and rubbed the bridge of his nose between his fingers, then shoved himself away from the desk. Maybe he was hungry. In a few quick strides, he crossed his white-painted room, through the mix of his own elegant possessions and the cheap school-issued furniture, and was out on the balcony. Outside, the night smel ed of jasmine and car exhaust. Stefan reached tendrils of Power gently into the night, questing, feeling for †¦ something †¦ there. A tiny mind quickened in response to his. His hearing, sharper than a human's, picked up the faint whine of sonar, and a smal , furry bat landed on the balcony railing, drawn in by his Power. Stefan picked it up, keeping up a gentle thrum of Power between his mind and the bat's, and it gazed at him tamely, its little fox face alert. Stefan lowered his head and drank, careful not to take too much from the little creature. He grimaced at the taste and then released the bat, which flapped tentatively, a little dazed, then picked up speed and was lost again in the night. He hadn't been terribly hungry, but the blood cleared his mind. Elena was so young. He had to remember that. She was stil younger than he'd been when he became a vampire, and she needed time to experience life, for her path to lead her back to Stefan. He could wait. He had al the time in the world. But he missed her so much. Gathering his strength, he leaped from the balcony and landed lightly on the ground below. There was a flower bed there, and he reached into it, feeling petals as soft as silk. A daisy, fresh and innocent. He plucked it and went back inside the dorm, using the front entrance this time. Outside Elena's door, he hesitated. He could hear the slight sounds of her moving around in there, smel her distinctive, intoxicating scent. She was alone, and he was tempted to just knock. Maybe she was longing for him, just as he longed for her. If they were alone, would she melt into his arms despite herself? Stefan shook his head, his mouth tight. He had to respect Elena's wishes. If she needed time apart, he could give her that. Looking at the white daisy, he slowly balanced it on top of Elena's doorknob. She would find the flower and know that it was from him. Stefan wanted Elena to know that he could wait for her, if that was what she needed, but that he was thinking of her, always.
Thursday, August 1, 2019
Mental Disorder Research Paper Essay
Mental stability or mental health is the way humans react to, think about, and feel about what goes on in their everyday lives. It is a psychosomatic and emotional state of being. Throughout history, people with odd or dangerous behaviors were seen as witches or ones possessed by evil spirits. These people were thrown in prisons or institutions to isolate them from others. Not too long ago, in the 1950’s with a great deal of research and much more highly developed technology many people with mental disorders have been treated. In America, more than 45 million adults suffer from a mental disorder (MENTAL ILLNESS AND THE FAMILY: RECOGNIZING WARNING SIGNS AND HOW TO COPE). That’s about 25 percent of people over the age of 18. Many of these people fail to realize that they have a mental illness or succeed in hiding it from others. When these disorders remain ignored they lead to harmful stages in ones life such as, drug abuse, suicide, violence, or conflicts with family and friends. When ones behavior is labeled as a mental disorder it influences the way that person and the others around that person perceives them. Education about mental disorders is necessary (What is mental illness?). In society today, how people distinguish one with a mental disorder and one without a mental disorder is by judging them as â€Å"normal†or â€Å"abnormal.†Today’s normal is considered as the acceptance in society. Abnormal labels people who are not considered â€Å"socially normal.†People use the term â€Å"mental illness†as if it is something abnormal and weird. A mental disorder is known as unhealthy (Susin, Janet). But when we think of an illness, the first thing that comes to mind is a physical sickness. If a young child is physically abused throughout his life, his different personality is a way to deal with the disturbance in his life. If the child doesn’t find a way to deal with this, he or she will want to find dif ferent ways to deal with it such as suicide. Their behavior or what is known as the â€Å"disorder,†is healthier than not going through the process of healing with that behavior (Talking To Kids About Mental Illnesses). Stigma, judgment and separation of people are the product of misunderstandings about mental disorders (Corrigan, Patrick W., and Amy C. Watson). Mental illnesses are not due to any variety of brain damages. Although they are like physical illnesses such as lung cancer, diabetes, and heart disease, people with mental disorders are not treated the same as those with a physical illness. A variety of mental disorders such as bipolar disorder have the ability to run in families. But, most victims develop one without any signs of family history. When one is found to have a mental disorder, the factor that set off their disorder is an event that took place in their life. Factors such as a death of a loved one, financial suffering, unemployment, physical abuse, and sexual abuse can contribute to the start of a mental disorder. This makes every single human susceptible to one (Corrigan, Patrick W., and Amy C. Watson). People with mental disorders are rarely dangerous. Even those with the most serious illness are not dangerous when receiving support. Just like physical illnesses, a mental disorder is treatable. It is possible for one to completely recover if treated early on and properly. It is also possible that the mental disorder can reappear and necessitate constant treatment (What is mental illness?). The largest struggle for someone with a mental illness or someone recovering from one is the confrontation of unnecessary manners of the people around him or her. This is why it is necessary to provide support for those who are suffering. Encouragement and the optimistic behaviors of family, friends, and members of the community are essential to providing those who cope with mental disorders with the support that they need (SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH). Encouraging them to continue with a medication or with therapy will help them believe that that they can achieve mental stability. Altering yourself and working with them will help solve the problems that they are faced with. Increasing your own ability to understand what this person is dealing with will help you talk to and counsel them. Although peo ple with mental disorders are rarely dangerous, talk to them about why they should go see a therapist or go seek help instead of telling them or debating with them (What is mental illness?). The conditions in which a person is born, grows up in, lives, and works are significant factors when it comes to having a mental disorder. Also factors such as sexual orientation, ethnicity, race, gender, and one’s socioeconomic status has to do with someone’s disorder (SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH). These factors are known as the social determinants of health. The social determinants of health provide a more complete interpretation of what the initial reason of illness is and what it will take to restore their health. Addressing the social determinants of health will reach out to state government and make them direct a population in a better way regarding the influence of social determinants. As children, around thirty percent of lesbians, gays, bisexuals, and transgender have been physically abused by members of their family because of their sexual orientation. These individuals have a 1.5 times higher risk for depression and anxiety disorders throughout their life t han heterosexuals. Thirty percent of African Americans are more likely to have a severe psychological distress than Non- Hispanic Whites. The infant death rate of American Indians and Alaska Natives is forty percent higher than the infant death rate of Caucasians (SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH). Raising awareness of the social determinants of health will have a significant impact on the mental health of individuals and their communities. Adolescents need to know about mental disorders just as much as anyone over the age of 18. Kids are naturally questionable about mental illnesses. The importance of learning the warning signs of mental disorders and how to fight the stigma that surrounds mental illness can affect the futures of children. Many kids often make fun of other kids because they seem weird. If children are taught that these problems are not the fault of the others who have them, they will less likely make other students feel ashamed (Talking To Kids About Mental Illnesses) . This should be taught as a part of a health class and if not taught in school, must be taught by the parents of a child. Children in pre-school will have questions about what they can see and focus on. They will mostly notice other kids who are screaming and crying. Children as young as this will need less information because of their limited ability to understand. As children go into elementary school they will question the specifics and their questions will be straightforward. Their concerns will be towards the safety of their friends or family if they see something unusual. Teenagers are able to understand just as much as an adult and they will ask more complicated questions. They will ask their friends about anything that they’re curious about. This results in false or misunderstood information (Susin, Janet). Parents need to provide correct information to their children with support and advice. Everyday people with serious mental disorders are challenged. While they are facing with the challenges that come from their disorder, they are also confronted by the misconceptions and prejudice towards their illness. Public stigma is the common reaction given towards people with mental disorders by the public. Self-stigma is the intolerance people with mental disorders give themselves (Corrigan, Patrick W., and Amy C. Watson). There are a few views on which people have about mental illness. There are thoughts that people with mental disorders should be feared and be kept out of their communities. Some people feel that people with mental disorders are not capable of making their own decisions and need to have their life decisions made by others because they are irresponsible. This is known as authoritarianism. Benevolence is the idea that people with mental illness are not able to take care of themselves and need to be taken care of (Corrigan, Patrick W., and Amy C. Watson). Learning about mental disorders will show the way to early recognition and treatment. Educating children at an early age will help them prevent a mental disorder in their own life. By learning about mental disorders, one’s recognition of their mental disorder becomes easier. This gives them the ability to act fast and treat their disorder (ME NTAL ILLNESS AND THE FAMILY: RECOGNIZING WARNING SIGNS AND HOW TO COPE). One without a mental disorder can also notice that someone has one and will fight the stigma that surrounds the disorder. There have been cases in which teenagers with mental disorders realized that if they had a lesson on mental illnesses it would have made a big difference in their lives. The only way to change the view of people towards those with mental disorders is to educate them on why some of these people have their illness (Susin, Janet).
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